Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) are present when there is dysfunction or pain involving the TMJ (temporomandibular joint). The TMJ is located just anterior to the ears and is the hinge joint that connects the lower jaw (mandible) to the temporal bone of the skull. The TMJ is used many times a day for everyday activities including chewing, talking, and yawning. ________________________________________ What Causes TMD? TMD can arise from many causes, often at the same time: • Genetics • Jaw injury • Arthritis (osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis) • Dislocation or malposition of the joint disc • Habitual clenching and grinding (bruxism) • Chewing on one side • Muscle tension due to stress • Malocclusion (bad bite) • Impacted third molars (wisdom teeth) • Bad dental restorations (high spots in fillings and crowns) • Sleep breathing disorders (obstructive sleep apnea, often called OSA) Signs & Symptoms of TMJ Disorders The symptoms of TMD can vary considerably from person to person but may include many of the following: • Pain or soreness in the jaw • Clicking, popping, or grinding noises in the joint • Difficulty or pain experienced when opening or closing the mouth or chewing • Lockjaw (inability or difficulty to open or close the mouth) • Ear-related symptoms: pain, tinnitus, hearing changes • Headaches, migraines • Neck, shoulder, or postural pain • Tooth or gum pain with no active decay • Midline shift or deep bite • Narrow dental arches (V shaped) • Habitual tongue thrusting • Numbness or tingling in the fingers or limbs • Apnea or other breathing issues ________________________________________ Diagnosis of TMD at Smile and Glow Dental Clinic At Smile and Glow Dental Clinic, we follow a neuromuscular dentistry protocol including: • Detailed medical history and clinical evaluation • Detailed intraoral examination, and extraoral-foundation examination • Detailed bite analysis through T-Scan (Digital occlusal analysis) • Radiographs: Full mouth x-ray (OPG), Lateral Cephalobram, TMJ views • Advanced imaging including Airway CBCT 3D volumetry, MRI, and whole body scan if required to rule out TMD contributors • Postural assessment • Sleep study (HST or PSG) • Functional tests using: o ULF-TENS (Ultra Low Frequency Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) o Jaw Tracker o MAT Scan What is TENS and How Can it Help TENS therapy is a major part of neuromuscular dentistry. It uses low-frequency electrical impulses to: • Relax muscles of the jaw and face • Block pain from reaching the brain • Increase levels of endorphins (natural pain-relievers) • Improve blood circulation reducing inflammation and tensions And then you'll record post muscle relaxation, and you'll have your natural jaw alignment to be able determine necessary treatment. ________________________________________ Advanced TMJ Disorder Treatment Options at Smile and Glow - Mogappair At Smile and Glow, both neuromuscular dentists and orthodontists take a holistic approach to treat TMJ-related pain. Treatment will include: • Removable splints (MORA - Mandibular Orthopedic Repositioning Appliance), • Orthotic therapy, • Occlusal corrections (braces, restorations), • Or, surgery if all else fails It is important to state that methods of treatment will be devised based on your jaw joint position, muscle function, and bite. ________________________________________ Team-Based Holistic Care for Long-Term Relief Managing TMD and other neuromuscular disorders will involve collaboration from: • Physiotherapists • ENT professionals • Sleep and breath professionals • Psychologists • Yoga/posture professionals Early diagnosis is critical. In general, we recommend evaluating every child by the age of seven. Anyone with chronic jaw, facial, neck, or body pain should be assessed immediately.

Experience Lasting Relief with Neuromuscular Dentistry Neuromuscular dentistry provides a holistic, comprehensive treatment for facial pain issues, TMJ disorders, and body postural issues. While conventional dentists will only look at your teeth and gums, neuromuscular dentists identify and restore all of the pieces that make up one system—the jaw joints (TMJ), muscles, teeth, and nerves work to get function back to the entire craniofacial system supporting natural chewing, breathing, and swallowing. How Does Neuromuscular Imbalance Impact the Body? A misaligned jaw, misaligned bite (malocclusion), and chronic stress can pull your jaw out of alignment. When this happens the entire skull will sit unevenly on the cervical spine. This will put strain on surrounding muscles, leading to muscle spasms and radiated pain through the neck, shoulders, back, hips and legs. Neuromuscular dental therapies are utilized to reposition the jaws to a more optimal position and correct the bite. This can help alleviate muscle effort and strain leading to better body posture. The Consequences of Chewing with the Same Side Favoring one side while chewing may lead to an asymmetrical bite and an oblique occlusal plane. While chewing, this produces pressure in the chewing muscles on that side while putting strain on larger postural muscles such as the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle that link the jaw to the neck and vertebral spine. This can easily lead to poor postural habits, back pain, sciatica, and leg fatigue when viewed as patterns and causes over time. Common Signs and Symptoms of Neuromuscular Disorders Watch for the following symptoms: • Jaw pain or TMJ pain • Clicking or popping when you use your jaw • Inability to open mouth fully • Headaches or migraines • Ringing in the ears or tinnitus • Inability to hold your head or shoulders up • Numbness or tingling in your fingers • Back pain (in particular L4, L5) • Sciatica or leg pain • Generalized muscle stiffness Smile and Glow Diagnostic Process for Facial Pain Using a multi-specialty approach the Smile and Glow Team invokes a systematic diagnostic process to determine the limitations associated with TMJ or other neuromuscular disorders: • Thorough history, posture, and sleeping position assessment. • Full mouth and extra-oral clinical examination. • Imagery: OPG, Lateral Ceph, CBCT, TMJ open/close views, airway scans, MRI, whole-body scans. • Sleep analysis either through home sleep test or polysomnogram. • XSens (external ground surface maxillary skull trackers), ULF-TENS, jaw tracking, MAT Scan and T-Scan, our digital device for measuring bite force. Why We Use T-Scan T-Scan provides a digital map of your bite to evaluate occlusal imbalances that may be causing you pain or long-term dysfunction. The Role of TENS Therapy in Neuromuscular Dentistry Ultra Low-Frequency Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (ULF-TENS) helps relax overworked jaw muscles and facilitates healing. TENS has been shown to: • Release muscle tightness. • Block pain signals from reaching the brain. • Increase endorphins, the body’s natural pain-relievers. • Increase blood flow to accelerate recovery. Once the muscle is relaxed we can take an accurate record of your true jaw position and build you a customized treatment plan. Neuromuscular Dentistry is effective for: • Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMD) • Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) • Cranio-Cervical-Mandibular Disorders (CCMD) Holistic Treatment Options at Smile and Glow After evaluation and diagnosis our neuromuscular orthodontist might recommend: • mandibular orthopedic repositioning appliance (MORA) • orthotic splints, TENS therapy, or myomonitor therapy (J5 Myomonitor) • Restorative or orthodontic correction for stable occlusion. And we will work with other specialists such as ENT, pulmonologists, physiotherapists, and psychologists, if necessary. Start Accessing Treatment Early Around age 7 would be optimal, but anyone who has had chronic signs and symptoms (jaw pain, facial tension, neck stiffness, or shoulder or back stiffness) should be evaluated at the first sign of any problems to avoid worsening of symptoms.

Are you reluctant to smile because of yellow or discolored teeth? Everyday activities like drinking coffee, smoking or getting older can dull your natural beauty. We offer safe, professional teeth whitening at Smile and Glow Dental Clinic, Mogappair, that can bring back your radiant smile in one visit! What is Teeth Whitening? Teeth whitening is a clinical cosmetic procedure that removes stains and discolouration from your teeth by using bleaching products. A professional dental whitening agent is a safe bleaching agent (usually hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide) which breaks down stain molecules in the enamel so that the underlying surface appears whiter and brighter. Why Do Teeth Become Discoloured? Despite regular brushing, teeth become discoloured naturally from: • Teas, coffees, coloured foods, red wine • Smoking or tobacco use • Aging or wear to enamel • Medicines like tetracycline • Fluoride or excess fluoride (fluorosis) • Conditions like jaundice or trauma when a tooth was forming. Types of Teeth Whitening Treatments At Smile and Glow, we offer several types of treatment options to accommodate different needs and lifestyles: ________________________________________ 1. In-Office Teeth Whitening (Chairside Whitening) This is the quickest and most predictable whitening option, completed in one visit under the care of our dentist. • A protective gel or rubber dam will be applied to protect your gums while whitening is taking place. • A potent whitening gel is professionally applied, highlighting additional light(s) that can help enhance penetration. • Results are seen right away and typically after only 45-60 minutes. • The best option for those who want fast and dramatic results. ________________________________________ 2. At-Home Whitening Kits (Custom Trays) Are you looking to take a more gradual approach from home? • We will provide you with a custom-made whitening tray for your teeth. • Our dentist will instruct you on how to use the whitening bleaching gel correctly and safely. • You expect to see results in 2-6 weeks based on consistent use. ________________________________________ 3. Over-the-Counter Whitening Recommendations There are a variety of non-professional products you can buy such as whitening strips, gels, and over-the-counter whitening toothpaste. Not all accessories are equal, nor are they effective or safe for everyone. • We provide assistance in selecting dentist-approved products with the ADA Seal of Acceptance. • We will give you valuable professional advice that will allow for better results with fewer side effects. _____________________________________ Is Teeth Whitening Safe? Yes, when done under dental supervision, whitening is a safe and effective treatment. Some individuals may experience temporary sensitivity or gum irritation, especially if they are using high-concentration gel. At Smile and Glow, we will keep an eye on your comfort level, and we can recommend medicated toothpaste to alleviate any discomfort. Why Choose Smile and Glow for Teeth Whitening? • Procedures are dentist-supervised and safe • Visible results from Session 1 • Long-lasting brightness maintained with proper care • Individualized treatment plans • Custom trays made to fit perfectly • Sensitivity management and aftercare _________________________________ Are You Ready to Transform Your Smile? You can say goodbye to stains forever. Let the experts at Smile and Glow Dental Clinic, Mogappair help you rediscover your brightest smile. Book a consultation now and learn the best whitening method for you. _________________________________

The safest, most precise and minimally invasive implant technique At Smile and Glow Dental Clinic, Mogappair, we provide our patients with the most advanced, patient-friendly, technique for placing implants using the Keyhole Implant Technique, also known as 3D guided dental implant surgery. Keyhole implant surgery is a minimally invasive, flapless surgical procedure, using state-of-the-art 3D imaging and CBCT scans. With 3D imaging, we can digitally plan in advance the precise position, angle and depth of the implants placement with a maximum level of safety and accuracy. Using this technique, we can ensure the avoidance of critical anatomical structures, such as the maxillary sinus and nerve canals, virtually eliminating the risk of related complications. _______________________ Benefits of Keyhole / 3D Guided Implants • Higher degree of precision with advanced digital planning • No surgical incision - minimal blood and no stitches • Minimal post-operative pain and faster healing • Safer for patients with complex anatomy of the bone • Great option if the patient is medically compromised or has anxiety • Excellent option for single tooth replacement in the aesthetic zone • Less time in the chair, fewer visits • Greater comfort and confidence for the patient If you're looking for pain-free, accurate, and quick dental implant placement in Chennai, Smile and Glow’s 3D Guided Implant Surgery is the ideal solution. With our keyhole technique, we make dental implants more comfortable and predictable than ever. ________________________________________

Save Your Tooth, Get Rid of Pain – Without Extraction At Smile & Glow Dental Clinic in Mogappair, we perform root canals that are pain-free and save your natural tooth. If you have pain, a toothache, swelling or tooth sensitivity then a root canal may be a better option than having it extracted. ________________________________________ When is a Root Canal Needed? Root canal (endodontic therapy) is recommended when the tooth pulp of your tooth becomes infected from: • Deep tooth decay and pain • Cracked or broken tooth • Continuous pain that is typically worse at night • Severe sensitivity to hot, cold, even sweet foods • Pus or swelling next to the tooth • Worn tooth causing sharp pain • Dental trauma or injury These signs indicate that if you do not remove or treat the infection you will continue to experience injury, pain and potentially more infection leading to eventual tooth loss. ________________________________________ What it means to have a tooth? In the human body, we have three layers of a tooth: • Enamel – outside layer, white, and also its the hardest layer • Dentin - yellowish, and its the middle layer, and its strong like bone • Pulp - very soft, has nerves and blood vessels Once decay, or an injury reaches the pulp then inflammation occurs, infection and pain occurs which is when a root canal is warranted. ________________________________________ What is Root Canal Treatment? Root canal removes the infected pulp of a tooth, disinfects the inner canals, and fills them up with biocompatible material to relieve pain and to keep people from losing their tooth. At Smile and Glow Dental clinic, Mogappair, we perform microscopic root canals, which is done with a higher level accuracy, speed of healing, and longevity success. ________________________________________ The Step-By-Step Process of Root Canal Treatment We offer a sterile and relaxed environment utilizing the most advance dental technology, rotary instrumentation. Here are the steps we will take to complete the treatment as comfortably as possible: 1. Diagnosis & Access - The decay is removed and access is made to the pulp. 2. Length Determination - We will establish the root length through x-ray imaging as well as apex locators. 3. Cleaning & Shaping - We will clean the infected tissue with rotary instrumentation and hand files. 4. Filling - The canals are filled with a safe and bio-inert filling material. 5. Restoration - The top portion of the tooth will be filled and the surface will be clean and flat in preparation for a crown. ________________________________________ Is a Crown always necessary after a Root Canal? Yes. A root-canal tooth will become more brittle over time. To keep this brittle tooth from breaking requires a dentist-custom fitted dental crown that helps provide strength and restores the full function. At our Mogappair branch, we have custom fit tooth-colored crowns that will give you a natural look and lasting results. ________________________________________ Why Choose Smile and Glow for Root Canal Treatment in Mogappair? Painless and precision • Microscope guided root canal procedure • Experienced Endodontic specialists • Latest technology for faster recovery • Convenient location in Mogappair, Chennai ________________________________________ Don't let tooth pain control your life. Smile and Glow Dental Clinic offer specialized root canal therapy with the latest techniques and digital imaging - all while causing you minimal pain.

Dental Implants Single Tooth | Multiple Teeth | Full-Mouth Solutions When it comes to replacing missing teeth, Dental Implants are the most advanced and predictable approach. Made out of biocompatible titanium, dental implants are screw-like structures, inserted surgically in the jawbone, that replicate the root of a tooth. After a few months, the implant fuses with the bone, a process called osseointegration, which provides a solid foundation for crowns, bridges or dentures. Dental implants can replace single or multiple teeth, or can be utilized for full-mouth rehabilitation with an outcome that is functional and aesthetically natural-looking. At Smile and Glow Dental Clinic, we are able to restore your smile with dental implants whether you need one, or you need multiple implants by utilizing established trusted systems that provide precise and successful long-term outcomes. Why Are Dental Implants the Go-to Option? Dental implants have revolutionized the field of restorative dentistry and offer several great benefits: • ✅ Most Like Your Natural Teeth: Dental implants look, function, and feel just like your natural teeth. • ✅ Stops Bone Loss: Bone loss occurs after missing a tooth. Implants stop bone loss by replacing the tooth root and maintaining jaw strength. • ✅ Longevity and Durability: When dental implants are placed correctly and properly maintained, they can last a lifetime (much longer than bridges and dentures). • ✅ Enhances Aesthetics of the Face: When implants restore the entire tooth including the root, they aid in supporting the shape of your face and preventing the sunken appearance often caused by tooth loss. • ✅ Fixed and Stable: Once dental implants are placed, they stay in place. Dentures are removable and can slip or click when eating or speaking. • ✅ Comfortable and Functional: Restoring your mouth to full functionality allows you to enjoy your favorite foods in comfort, and speak clearly and confidently. • ✅ Easy Maintenance: Just like natural teeth, you will brush, floss, and have dental checkups. • ✅ Increase your self esteem: When you have a smile you are proud of, you will look better, feel better and lead a better quality of life. ________________________________________ Implant vs Bridge - What is Best? While dental Bridges require you to shave down the adjacent teeth to provide support for the dental restoration, you do not disturb your healthy natural teeth with a dental implant. Implants are placed into the jawbone independently to the surrounding teeth, providing a stronger, more conservative, longer lasting restoration. Who is a Good Candidate for Implants? You’re a candidate for dental implants if: • You are missing one or more teeth. • Your jawbone has the required amount of density and height. • You do not have uncontrolled systemic disease. • You maintain good oral hygiene. Contra-Indications To Dental Implants You could be contra-indicated for the use of dental implants if: • ❌ You have uncontrolled diabetes, as it could affect healing and implants. • ❌ You are a heavy smoker. If you are a smoker your healing is delayed and could affect the long-term success of the implant. • ❌ You have osteoporosis, as your bone density may not be adequate enough to support the implant. • ❌ You have had radiation; for instance if you had head and neck radiation. • ❌ You have severe bruxism (teeth grinding), as you will introduce additional stress. • ❌ You have poor oral hygiene and untreated periodontal disease. • ❌ You have an autoimmune condition or are immuno-compromised, they could affect your healing response. • ❌ You have insufficient bone or quality of bone. They may require grafting to obtain the proper amount of bone volume width or height. Implant Brands We Love at Smile and Glow At Smile and Glow we strive to use the best internationally recognized dental implant systems to maximize the quality of your implant: • Nobel Biocare (Sweden) • Straumann (USA) • DIO digital implants (UK). The aforementioned implant systems offer optimum precision, safety, and reliability through long-term backed world-wide (and clinical) evidence. Smile and Glow Implant Techniques We offer a variety of implant options for the wide range of clinical indications: • Immediate Loaded Implants / Same-Day Implants • All-on-4 Full Hybrid Denture • All-on-6 / All-on-8 Full-Mouth Fixed Ceramic Teeth • Implant-Supported Removable Dentures • Keyhole / 3D Guided Implants – less invasive – quicker healing ________________________________________ What is the Procedure for Dental Implants? Installing dental implants is a standardized process designed to ensure the longevity and success of your implants: • After dental and medical evaluations, and initial impressions and digital x-rays, the surgeon will conduct more in-depth imaging using a CBCT to establish a precise plan for placing your implant. • The actual surgery is usually performed under local anesthesia or with the option of conscious sedation or general anesthesia for those who prefer to be more comfortably sedated. ________________________________________ Two-Stage Implants • The surgery is performed to surgically insert a titanium dental implant post (either an endosteal cylindrical or tapered implant) into the jaw. • After insertion, the implant will fuse to the bone in a process called osseointegration, which will create a stable base for your new tooth. • While the implant is integrating, which can take weeks to months, you will have a temporary prosthesis placed, if required. • After the healing phase is complete (typically 3-6 months duration), the implant site will be uncovered, the implant components will be attached including a small abutment, or connector, which will eventually hold the final custom crown. Single-Stage Implants • With a single-stage implant, the implant and abutment are placed in one appointment. • A temporary crown will be placed and the patient will be asked to avoid any hard/chewy foods during healing which will take about 3–6 months. • Onces the implant is fully integrated with the bone, the temporary crown will be replaced with a permanent crown. Post-Implant Care: Ensuring Longevity Maintaining implants is easy: • Brush and floss daily as if they are regular teeth • See your dentist for cleanings and evaluations every 6 months • Avoid smoking and don't exert excessive force on your implants With good care, dental implants can last a lifetime and provide you with a strong, confident, and fully functional smile. 💬Are you looking for safe, lasting dental implants in Mogappair ,its surrounding or Perambur, Kolathur? Schedule your consultation today with our implant expert at Smile and Glow Dental Clinic.

When conventional or repeat root canal therapy does not completely heal an infection, periapical surgery, also called apicoectomy, may be the last chance for a tooth to be saved. At Smile and Glow Dental Clinic, Mogappair, our endodontists perform microscope-assisted periapical surgeries to aid with persistent infections and restore health to your tooth and surrounding bone. What is Periapical Surgery? Periapical means around the root apex of a tooth. Periapical surgery is recommended when a deep infection or lesion such as cyst or granuloma is present in the periapical area and is persistent, even after root canal treatment (RCT) has been completed. This small surgical intervention eliminates the source of the infection and allows surrounding bone and tissue to regenerate. When is Periapical Surgery Necessary? A periapical surgery procedure may be recommended in cases of: • Persistent pain, swelling or draining sinus despite RCT or re-RCT • Large periapical cysts or granulomas • Acute perforation in canal(s) or overfilled root canal materials • Severely curved or calcified root canal anatomy not allowing a complete cleaning • Instrument fractures within canal not allowing for effective cleaning • Trauma to tooth or root fractures noted at apex What Is The Procedure? Surgery done under local anesthesia can normally be completed in one appointment. 1. Flap Elevation: A small flap of gum will be elevated to gain access to the infected bone. 2. Bone Access: A small window will be precisely created in the bone to access the periapical lesion. 3. Lesion Removal: The infected tissue will be removed. 4. Root-End Resection: The tip of the root will be trimmed. 5. Root-End Sealing: A bio-regenerative material like MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate) is used to seal the root end. 6. Closure: The flap will be sutured back into place for healing. Why Microscope Assisted Periapical Surgery? At Smile and Glow we utilize a dental surgical microscope for all periapical procedures, and here are some of the benefits: • Better magnification and illumination • Accurate identification of cracks or hidden canals • Minimal removal of bone (osteotomy) • Better incisions and suturing • Faster healing and less trauma Microscope-aided surgery significantly enhances the outcome by allowing for accurate detection, cleaner access, and longer-lasting sealing which ultimately reduces the risk of reinfection. Why it is important to NOT delay treatment If a periapical infection goes untreated, it will be allowed to spread and damage nearby bone, and adjacent teeth. Periapical surgery aims to save the affected tooth, restore comfort, and help avoid extraction. Are you looking for expert periapical surgery in Mogappair? Let the experienced hands at Smile and Glow Dental Clinic, and our advanced technology, take care of your dental procedure. Schedule your consultation with our microscope endodontics team now, and take the first step towards saving your natural tooth.

Retreatment of Root Canal Failure in Mogappair – Save Your Tooth at Smile and Glow Root canal treatment is designed to be permanent. However, this is not always the case. A tooth that has been previously treated may still hurt due to developing an infection that may not have been seen earlier or technical limitations with the initial root canal. The good news is that at Smile and Glow Dental Clinic, Mogappair, we specialize in the retreatment of failed root canals using the latest microscopic techniques to preserve and restore your natural tooth. What causes root canal treatment to fail? Even if the original treatment was done correctly, there are numerous factors that may lead to reinfection or a delayed healing response. • Missed canal- There may have been a hidden or extra canal present during the initial treatment. • Improper cleaning- The canal may not have been cleaned or sealed completely. • Too long of a delay between treatment and the placement of the crown- The oral environment established seal failures around the crown of the tooth, therefore allowed bacteria back into it. • Complex root anatomy- The shape of the canal may have been too curved or narrow and therefore may not have received proper cleaning. These problems can lead to symptoms that include: • Persistent pain or sensitivity in the tooth that was treated • Tenderness when chewing or tapping the tooth • Swelling in the area of the gums, face, or neck • A pimple-like bump or sinus tract on the gums (indicating a pus pathway) • A bad taste or foul breath from infection ________________________________________ Can Retreatment Really Happen? Yes—a failed root canal absolutely can be retreated. Using advanced equipment such as a dental operating microscopes and the knowledge and skills of our expert endodontists, it is possible for us to fully clean the tooth, properly seal it, and keep it for the long haul. ________________________________________ Retreatment at Smile and Glow 1. Re-accessing the Tooth The treated tooth is re-accessed by removing the crown or filling. 2. Removal of Old Root Canal Materials The old filling materials are removed to access the canal system. 3. Evaluation Under Microscope We will look for missed canals, unusual anatomy, or areas of reinfection using a dental microscope. 4. Deep Cleaning and Shaping In this step, the canals are cleaned, shaped, and disinfected—the full length of each root. 5. Sealing Your Tooth The root canals are tightly sealed (obturated) to prevent future reinfection. 6. Restoration A quality filling or crown will be placed on the tooth, protecting it and restoring function. ________________________________________ Why Choose Smile and Glow for Retreatments? • Experienced Micro-Endodontic Specialists We use dental microscopes to find and treat teeth with the most difficult and complex root canal challenges. • Better Success Rates Most retreated but suitably treated teeth heal completely and last many years with adequate sealing. • Patient Focused Practice We focus on your comfort, while minimizing discomfort, and providing honest and straightforward recommendations for doing what is best for your tooth. ________________________________________ Don't Rush in for Extraction – Let Us Help You Save Your Tooth Just because of a failed root canal, does not mean your tooth is a failure. At the Smile and Glow Dental Clinic in Mogappair, we help patients with retreatment procedures, preventing unnecessary extractions. Book a consultation to see how you can save your tooth, and have confidence in your smile restored.